资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
影响航母和舰载机发展的因素有哪些?****** 航母问世已有百余年的历史,二者可以说是一种剑不离鞘、鞘不离剑的关系,既相互依存,又相互促进,成就了当今海上霸主的地位。现在,有10个国家装备22艘航母。在这些航母中,美国和法国装备核动力常规起降航母,其他国家的航母属于滑跃起飞航母,装有滑跃起飞甲板。美法两国的航母和舰载机基本是交替迭代发展的,其他国家基本是根据可获得的舰载机发展航母的。 图为:歼-15舰载机在航母上降落 纵观国外航母和舰载机的发展历史,影响航母和舰载机的发展主要因素有这样几个:第一、军事需求;第二,对舰载机及其作战使用的认识,或者说赋予舰载机的使命任务;第三是国家的造船工业能力;第四,国家财力支持的力度。受这些因素的影响,各国航母呈现出大小之分和起降方式的差异。下面我们看美国、苏联、英国战后航母和舰载机的发展。 所谓军事需求,首先是国家军事战略需求,要不要发展航母,其次是未来准备打什么仗,潜在作战对手的装备情况等。我们再来看对舰载机及其使用的认识,以美国和苏联为例(俄罗斯几十年来没有发展航母和舰载机,所以这里主要讲的是苏联时期的发展情况),美国海军认为舰载机具备多种作战能力,可重复使用,使用成本相对较低;无论是反舰、空战,还是对陆攻击任务,舰载机都可以承担,经过两次世界大战的洗礼和战后的多场战争的考验,赋予舰载机的作战任务越来越多,因此,舰载机的能力也随之越来越强。 而苏联海军则认为,在海战中,反舰导弹比舰载机反应速度更快,使用导弹可以更快地摧毁敌方舰艇,所以在航母上装备了远程反舰导弹,这在航母史上也可称得上独树一帜。因此,苏联海军的舰载机主要用于攻势防空,舰上虽然也配备了苏-24战术轰炸机,但它大概也是在反舰导弹实施第一轮攻击后,补刀用的。在守势防空方面,苏联海军也比较注重导弹的作用,在舰上装备了4座6单元SA-N-9防空导弹垂直发射装置,备弹192枚。 因为专注发展核潜艇和导弹,对舰载机没有强烈的军事需求,所以苏联海军也没有在舰载机的研发方面投入很大的精力和财力。苏联早期曾投资研制过雅克垂直短距起降的舰载机,但最终没有结果。因为欠账太多,在苏-27战斗机退役后,只能改装当年在竞争中败给苏-27的米格-29战斗机,以解燃眉之急。 我们再看英国,英国原是航母大国,二战结束时,英国还曾保有15艘攻击型航母和36艘护航航母、1300多架舰载机。英国还是第一个喷气式飞机上舰的国家,截至50年代,先后发展了“毒液”“弯刀”等5型固定翼舰载战斗机和1型舰载反潜机。后来,因国防战略的调整,受“导弹制胜论”的影响,开始削减航母,不再发展舰载机。20世纪70年代,英国海军利用“鹞”式飞机,发展了滑跃起飞的轻型航母,同时也为中小国家发展航母开辟了新途径。意大利、西班牙、泰国等国的航母都采取了这种发展模式。 国家工业基础的重要性不言而喻,其实目前能够建造、维持大型航母的国家也没有几个。另一方面,虽然建造船体相对简单,但维持舰载机在舰上正常运转、执行作战任务并不容易,需要庞大、复杂的各种系统,以及设备的支持。有人用综合国力来形容航母的发展是非常恰当的。财力支持也是非常重要的因素,现在航母的建造费用越来越高,美国福特级航母的造价已高达140亿美元,一艘航母服役四五十年,这期间每隔几年还要进行维修、大修,全寿期费用高达数百亿美元,如果再加上两代舰载机的采购费、维修保养费等,总费用还要翻倍,所以一般国家根本没有力量研制舰载机和建造、维持航母。 作者简介:侯建军,原海军装备研究院某研究所总工程师、研究员,他长期致力于外国海军装备发展研究,著述30余部,获国家科技进步二等奖1项,、军队科技进步二等奖3项,被评为国防科技信息事业50周年优秀工作者。 出品:科普中国军事科技前沿 作者:侯建军 策划:金赫 监制:光明网科普事业部 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |