美国2023财年国防预算计划为阿利伯克级驱逐舰提供22亿美元。图为正在维修的阿利伯克级“菲兹杰拉德”号驱逐舰。
近期,美国国会参众两院先后批准通过2023财年《国防授权法案》。根据这份法案,美国明年的国防预算将达到8580亿美元,创历史新高。分析人士认为,在当前经济状况不佳、财政赤字面临失控的情形下,美国仍大幅增加国防预算,不仅充分暴露其穷兵黩武的本质,也将对未来国际安全形势产生不容忽视的影响。
加大前沿军事技术研发力度
据悉,美国此次国防预算投入的重点领域包括人工智能、军用5G技术、量子计算与加密运用等,这些也是构成美军“联合全域指挥控制”作战概念的关键性技术。通常情况下,美国的国防预算开支包含两大部分。一部分由美国国防部支配,用于保持美军内部运转、维持美军全球军事行动、采购武器装备、开展颠覆性军事技术研发等,另一部分由美国能源部等单位支配,主要用于美核武库的维护和升级改造等。在此次公布的2023财年国防预算中,美国将用于颠覆性军事技术研发的经费提升至1301亿美元,比2022财年的1120亿美元增加181亿美元,增幅超过16%。
此外,由于美国拥有庞大的核武库,在2023财年国防预算中,核武器预算依然处于历年最高。美国计划投入63亿美元建造哥伦比亚级战略导弹核潜艇,投入50亿美元打造B-21轰炸机,投入36亿美元研制新一代陆基洲际弹道导弹,以不断提升“三位一体”核打击能力。同时,美国计划投入48亿美元用于升级核指挥控制系统,强调发挥战术核武器潜在的实战运用可能。
借口“大国竞争”提升战备能力
近期以来,美国先后发布《国家安全战略报告》《国家防务战略报告》等一系列战略文件,声称由于竞争对手的综合国力不断发展,导致美国的相对优势不断缩小,并强调应对“大国竞争”仍将是美国未来一段时期的主要任务目标。
从2023财年国防预算的分配可以看出,美国借口“大国竞争”提升战备能力的举措具有明确针对性。例如,为加强对俄罗斯的军事遏制,2023财年国防预算中专门列出一项“欧洲威慑倡议”,用以支撑对俄军事遏制活动,其中包括投入47亿美元用于高超音速武器研发,以弥补与俄罗斯“匕首”高超音速导弹的差距。此外,2023财年国防预算为所谓“太平洋威慑倡议”拨付61亿美元,以确保美国在亚太地区拥有足够战略资源和军事能力,具体包括提升驻太平洋地区美军导弹防御能力、部署陆基远程精确打击武器及增强驻太平洋地区美军的前沿部署态势等。
同时,美国还进一步优化美军装备结构体系,重点加大对远近程火力、各军种作战平台、作战网络、防空反导及战场基础设施等针对性战备能力的投入。例如,2023财年国防预算专门拨款80多亿美元采购高优先级弹药,包括1.2万余枚AGM-179空对地导弹、2万余枚精确制导火箭弹、1700余枚MGM-140“陆军战术导弹”、4000余枚远程反舰巡航导弹、2600余枚“鱼叉”反舰导弹、3500余枚“爱国者”防空导弹、6000余枚AIM-120空对空导弹及1500余枚“标准”-6中程防空导弹等。
穷兵黩武危害世界和平
纵观历史,美国一直痴迷于通过武力等手段扩张势力范围,谋求世界霸主地位。过去几十年里,美国一直在制造“假想敌”,幻想自己受到某种威胁,并以此为借口不断制造事端。例如,美国以“反恐”之名,将阿富汗、伊拉克、利比亚、叙利亚等国相继推向战场;美国不顾俄罗斯强烈反对,积极推进北约东扩,频繁对俄进行挑衅,最终引发俄乌冲突。
美国日益频繁的军事活动自然需要庞大的军费作为支撑。事实上,自2018财年起,美国的国防预算一直呈上升趋势,并逐渐进入增长“快车道”。拜登政府执政后,更加强调以技术优势获取装备和作战优势,扩大与竞争对手的军事代差,导致军费开支大幅提升。历史和现实都证明,穷兵黩武是破坏世界和平的最大祸源。可以预见,在持续高额军费开支的支撑下,未来美国的全球军事活动还将更加频繁。而美国这种通过无限增加军费开支来追求霸权和所谓绝对安全的做法,无异于缘木求鱼,不仅无益于地区安全形势,还会引发“连锁反应”,导致新一轮军备竞赛,给未来国际安全形势发展带来极大隐患。
(作者:方晓志,为国防科技大学国际关系学院副教授)
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |