资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
2022国家医保谈判落幕 大病用药是重点****** 为期4天的2022国家医保药品目录谈判1月8日在北京落下帷幕。国家医保局医药管理司负责人对新冠治疗药物谈判情况进行回应:此次进入谈判的新冠治疗药物共3种,其中阿兹夫定片、清肺排毒颗粒谈判成功,辉瑞奈玛特韦片/利托那韦片(Paxlovid)组合包装因报价高未能成功。 相比前两年,参与本次医保谈判的药品数量明显增多。根据国家医保局此前发布的名单,今年通过形式审查的有343种药品,包括目录外新增品种药198个,目录内续约品种药145个。此外,还有多款抗癌药、高值罕见病药物等大病用药参与今年的国家医保谈判。 本次医保谈判规则并无特别变化,药企经过两轮报价,超过医保底价115%会出局,落入范围则继续谈判,最终形成谈判价格。不过,今年国家医保谈判首创的两个新规则——“简易续约”“非独家药品竞价”备受关注。 “简易续约”“非独家药品竞价” 两大新规首次实施 因疫情等缘故,2022年国家医保谈判被推迟到2023年1月5日至8日举行。谈判期间,每天早上8点左右,谈判会场外便聚集了等待入场的医药企业谈判代表,他们背着包,手持装有草稿纸、计算器的文件袋,聚在一起排队签到。 中青报·中青网记者从现场获悉,4天的国家医保谈判期间,每天的侧重点有所不同。首日谈判侧重抗病毒、呼吸类、麻醉类药品;1月6日侧重心血管、骨科及免疫疾病类药品;1月7日的重点集中于罕见病和肿瘤领域,是本次谈判的重点之一;最后一天的谈判则以中成药为主。 通常情况下,每家药企谈判时间在20-30分钟左右。谈判结束后,不少参与谈判的药企代表表示“感觉不错”“压力不大”“降幅在预期之内”,还有药企代表称“国家支持力度很大”。 除了药企代表,谈判会场外还聚集了不少医药行业人士。一位医药行业分析师在现场对记者表示:“今年我尤其关注‘简易续约’的情况。” “简易续约”是今年医保谈判的新增亮点之一。2022年6月29日,国家医保局发布《谈判药品续约规则》,明确了独家品种简易续约规则。根据规定,协议将于2022年12月31日到期,并同时满足独家药品、本协议期基金实际支出未超过基金支出预算(企业预估值,下同)的200%、未来两年的基金支出预算增幅合理等5项条件的药品,可以进行简易续约,续约有效期为两年。 有业内人士分析,“简易续约”有助于简化谈判流程,提高续约效率,缓解行政审批和企业申报的压力。有部分新增适应症的创新药有望不用重新谈判,而是通过“简易续约”规则直接纳入医保。这对于药企而言是一项重要的利好。 一位参与“非独家药品竞价”的药企代表对记者表示,他们的谈判并不算顺利:“大家一直在‘出价’,就看价格能有多低。” “非独家药品竞价”是本次医保谈判的另一项新规。《非独家药品竞价规则》指出,药品通过竞价纳入药品目录的,取各企业报价中的最低者作为该通用名药品的支付标准。如企业报价低于医保支付意愿的70%,以医保支付意愿的70%作为该药品的支付标准。这就意味着,如果某一家参与“非独家药品竞价”的药企报价更低,其他药企也会被动以这一低价进入医保。 抗癌药、罕见病药等成为谈判重点 根据国家医保局此前公布的名单,2022国家医保谈判共有343种药品正式通过形式审查,其中包括198种目录外西药和中成药与145种目录内西药和中成药。辉瑞公司的新冠口服药Paxlovid、上百万元一针的CAR-T类药物、PD-1/PD-L1类抗肿瘤药物、高值罕见病药物等备受关注。 1月8日夜间,国家医保局发布消息,Paxlovid最终因生产企业辉瑞投资有限公司报价高,谈判未能成功。此前,Paxlovid已于2022年2月1日获国家药监局附条件批准,北京、上海等地也将Paxlovid纳入临时医保。根据近期国家医保局会同有关部门联合印发的《关于实施“乙类乙管”后优化新型冠状病毒感染患者治疗费用医疗保障相关政策的通知》《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》中的所有治疗性药物,包括Paxlovid、阿兹夫定片、莫诺拉韦胶囊、散寒化湿颗粒等,医保都将临时性支付到2023年3月31日。 本次谈判在第二天和第三天迎来重头戏,其间参与谈判的企业包括拜耳医药、百洋医药、西安杨森、扬子江药业、海融医药、济川药业、百济神州、先声药业、君实生物等。国家医保局此前公布的通过初步形式审查的药品名单显示,这些企业参与谈判的药品涉及多款抗癌药,以及部分罕见病高值药物。 本次参与国家医保谈判的还有19款罕见病用药,包括治疗脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、Castleman病、法布雷病、戈谢病、多发性硬化等罕见病的药品。例如,罗氏制药的SMA药物利司扑兰口服溶液用散参加了去年的国家医保谈判,但最终未能成功。山东省药械采购平台显示,此前罗氏制药已将利司扑兰口服溶液用散的价格从6.38万/支降至1.45万/支。 自2018年以来,国家医保局通过谈判将19种罕见病药纳入医保药品目录,平均降幅达52.6%。2021年医保谈判中,渤健公司研发生产的SMA治疗药物诺西那生钠注射液从70万/针降至3.3万/针,当时国家医保局谈判代表张劲妮的发言“每一个小群体都不该被放弃”感动了很多人。 本报北京1月8日电 中青报·中青网见习记者 裴思童 刘胤衡 来源:中国青年报 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |